Biology - Year I

Levels of Organization

C3.1.2 - Cells, tissues, organs & body systems - a hierarchy

C2.2.16 - Consciousness as an Emergent Property

A2.2.7 - Shared functions of life

A3.1.1 - Variation between organisms as a defining feature of life

A3.1.2 - Species as groups of organisms with shared traits  

A3.1.3 - Binomial system for naming organisms

A3.2.1* - Need for classification of organisms

A2.1.1* -  Conditions on Pre-Biotic Earth & carbon compounds

A2.2.2* -  Cells as the smallest units of self-sustaining life

A2.2.3* - Challenge of explaining the spontaneous origin of cells 

A2.2.4* - Evaluate the Miller–Urey experiment.

A2.2.5* - Spontaneous formation of vesicles by fatty acids

A2.2.6* - RNA as a presumed first genetic material

A2.2.7* - Evidence for a last universal common ancestor LUCA

A2.2.8* - Approaches to estimate dates of the first cells & LUCA

A2.2.9* - Evidence for evolution of LUCA at hydrothermal vents 

A2.2.12* - Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis

A2.2.13* - Cell Differentiation develops specialized tissues

A2.2.14* - Evolution of multicellularity

A1.1.1 -  Water as the Medium for Life

A1.1.2 - Hydrogen bonds & polar covalent bonds

A1.1.3 - Cohesion 

A1.1.4 - Adhesion 

A1.1.5 - Solvent properties of water

A1.1.6 -  Physical properties of water & the consequences

A1.1.7* - Extraplanetary origin of water on Earth

A1.1.8* - The search for extraterrestrial life & presence of water

A2.2.1 - Cells as the basic unit of Life

A2.2.2 - Microscopy skills & Calculating magnification

A2.2.3 - Developments in microscopy

A2.2.4 - Structures common to cells in all living organisms

A2.2.5 - Prokaryotic cell structures

A2.2.6 - Euykaryotic cell structures

A2.2.7 - Processes of life in unicellular organisms

A2.2.8 - Differences in eukaryotic cells -animals, fungi & plants

A2.2.9 - Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes

A2.2.10 - Cell types & structures: light & electron micrographs

A2.2.11 - Drawing based on electron micrographs

A2.2.12* - Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis

A2.2.13* - Cell Differentiation & specialized cells & tissues

A2.2.14* - Evolution of multicellularity

B2.2.1 -  Organelles as subunits of cells w/specialized functions 

B2.2.2 - Advantage of the separation of the nucleus & cytoplasm

B2.2.3 - Advantages of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells (metabolites, enzymes and biochemical processes).

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B2.2.4* - Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic cell respiration

B2.2.5* - Adaptations of the chloroplast for photosynthesis 

B2.2.6* - Benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus

B2.2.7* - Structure and function of free ribosomes and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

B2.2.8* - Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

B2.2.9* - Structure and function of vesicles in cells

B1.1.1 - Chemical properties of a Carbon atoms 

B1.1.2 - Condensation Reactions (Monomers forming Polymers)

B1.1.3 - Hydrolysis Reactions (Polymers digesting into monomers)

B1.1.4 - Form and function of Monosaccharides as Monomers

B1.1.5 - Polysaccharides polymers as energy storage compounds

B1.1.6 - Cellulose as a structural polysaccharide in plants

B1.1.7 - Role of glycoproteins in cell–cell recognition

B1.1.8 - Hydrophobic properties of lipids  

B1.1.9 - Triglycerides & Phospholipids (Condensation reactions)

B1.1.10 - Saturated, Monounsaturated & Polyunsaturated fats

B1.1.11 - Triglycerides in adipose fat tissues (storage & insulation)

B1.1.12 - Phospholipid bilayers - hydrophobic & hydrophilic areas

B1.1.13 - Ability of non-polar steroids to pass through the bilayer

B1.2.1 - Generalized structure of an amino acid

B1.2.2 - Condensation reactions forming dipeptides and longer chains of amino acids

B1.2.3 - Dietary requirements for amino acids

B1.2.4 - Infinite variety of possible peptide chains

B1.2.5 - Effect of pH & temp on protein structure ( “Denature”)

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B1.2.6 - Chemical diversity in the R-groups of amino acids

B1.2.7 - Impact of primary structure on shape of proteins

B1.2.8 - Pleating and coiling of secondary structure of proteins 

B1.2.9 - Tertiary structure Interactions

B1.2.10 - Polar & Non-polar Amino Acids & Tertiary structure 

B1.2.11 - Quaternary proteins: Non-conjugated & Conjugated 

B1.2.12 - Form & function in globular and fibrous proteins

A1.2.1 - DNA as the genetic material of all living organisms

A1.2.2 - Components of a nucleotide

A1.2.3 - Sugar–phosphate bonds as “backbone” of DNA & RNA

A1.2.4 - Bases in each nucleic acid that form the basis of a code

A1.2.5 - RNA - a polymer formed by condensation of nucleotides

A1.2.6 - DNA as a double helix structure

A1.2.7 - Differences between DNA and RNA

A1.2.8 - Role of complementary base pairing

A1.2.9 - Diversity of DNA base sequences & DNA’s capacity for storing information

A1.2.10 -Conservation of the genetic code across all life 

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A1.2.11 - Directionality of RNA and DNA

A1.2.12 - Purine-to-pyrimidine bonding & DNA helix stability

A1.2.13 - Structure of a Nucleosome

A1.2.14 - Hershey–Chase experiment: DNA is the genetic material

A1.2.15 - Chargaff’s data: amounts of pyrimidine & purine bases

B2.1.1 - Lipid bilayers as the basis of cell membranes

B2.1.2 - Lipid bilayers as barriers

B2.1.3 - Simple diffusion across membranes

B2.1.4 - Integral and peripheral proteins in membranes

B2.1.5 - Osmosis and the role of aquaporins

B2.1.6 - Channel proteins for facilitated diffusion

B2.1.7 - Pump proteins for active transport

B2.1.8 - Selectivity in membrane permeability

B2.1.9 - Structure and function of glycoproteins and glycolipids

B2.1.10 - Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

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B2.1.11 - Fatty acid composition & bilayers fluidity

B2.1.12 - Cholesterol and membrane fluidity in animal cells

B2.1.13 - Membrane fluidity & fusion and formation of vesicles

B2.1.14 - Gated ion channels in neurons

B2.1.15 - Sodium–potassium pumps - exchange transporters

B2.1.16 - Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters

B2.1.17 - Adhesion of cells to form tissues

D2.3.1 - Solvation with water as the solvent

D2.3.2 - Movement from less to more concentrated solutions

D2.3.3 - Water movement by osmosis into or out of cells

D2.3.4 - Plant tissue bathed in hypotonic vs hypertonic solutions

D2.3.5 - Effects of water movement on cells that lack a cell wall

D2.3.6 - Effects of water movement on cells with a cell wall

D2.3.7 - Medical applications of isotonic solutions

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D2.3.8 - Water potential as the potential energy of water 

D2.3.9 - Movement of water from higher to lower water potential

D2.3.10 - Solute potential & pressure potential in cells with walls

D2.3.11 -  Water potential and water movements in plant tissue

D2.3.1 - Solvation with water as the solvent

D2.3.2 - Movement from less to more concentrated solutions

D2.3.3 - Water movement by osmosis into or out of cells

D2.3.4 - Plant tissue bathed in hypotonic vs hypertonic solutions

D2.3.5 - Effects of water movement on cells that lack a cell wall

D2.3.6 - Effects of water movement on cells with a cell wall

D2.3.7 - Medical applications of isotonic solutions

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D2.3.8 - Water potential as the potential energy of water 

D2.3.9 - Movement of water from higher to lower water potential

D2.3.10 - Solute potential & pressure potential in cells with walls

D2.3.11 -  Water potential and water movements in plant tissue

D1.1.1 - DNA replication produces exact copies

D1.1.2 - DNA replication is semi-conservative

D1.1.3 - Helicase and DNA polymerase play key roles

D1.1.4 - PCR and gel electrophoresis amplify and separate DNA.

D1.1.5 - DNA profiling;an application of PCR & gel electrophoresis

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D1.1.6 - DNA polymerases have directionality.

D1.1.7 - Leading strand & lagging strand.

D1.1.8 - DNA primase, DNA polymerase I & III, and DNA ligase.

D1.1.9 - DNA polymerase III proofreads DNA replication.

D1.2.1 - Transcription - synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

D1.2.2 - Role of H-bonding and base pairing in transcription

D1.2.3 - Stability of DNA templates

D1.2.4 - Transcription as a process required for gene expression

D1.2.5 - Translation as the synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA.

D1.2.6 - Roles of mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA in translation.

D1.2.7 - Complementary base pairing between tRNA and mRNA.

D1.2.8 - Features of the genetic code.

D1.2.9 - The genetic code expressed as a table of mRNA codons.

D1.2.10 - Stepwise movement of the ribosome along mRNA

D1.2.11 - Mutations that change protein structure.

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D1.2.12 - Directionality of transcription and translation.

D1.2.13 - Initiation of transcription at the promoter.

D1.2.14 - Non-coding sequences in DNA do not code 

D1.2.15 - Post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic cells.

D1.2.16 - Alternative splicing of exons produce protein variants

D1.2.17 - Initiation of translation

D1.2.18 - Modification of polypeptides into their functional state

D1.2.19 - Recycling of amino acids by proteasomes

D1.3.1 - Substitutions, insertions and deletions

D1.3.2 - Consequences of base substitutions

D1.3.3 - Consequences of insertions and deletions

D1.3.4 - Causes of gene mutation

D1.3.5 - Randomness in mutation

D1.3.6 - Consequences of mutation in Sex Cells and Body Cells

D1.3.7 -Mutation as a source of genetic variation.

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D1.3.8 - Gene knockout 

D1.3.9 - Gene Editing: CRISPR sequences & the Cas9 enzyme

D1.3.10 - Hypotheses to account for conserved sequences

D2.1.1 - Generation of new cells in organisms by cell division 

D2.1.2 - Cytokinesis 

D2.1.3 - Equal and unequal cytokinesis

D2.1.4 - Roles of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes

D2.1.5 - DNA replication, a prerequisite for mitosis &  meiosis

D2.1.6 - Condensation & movement of chromosomes 

D2.1.7 - Phases of mitosis

D2.1.8 - Identification of phases of mitosis

D2.1.9 - Meiosis as a reduction division

D2.1.10 - Down syndrome and nondisjunction

D2.1.11 - Meiosis as a source of variation

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D2.1.12 - Cell proliferation, cell replacement, and tissue repair

D2.1.13 - Phases of the cell cycle

D2.1.14 - Cell growth during interphase

D2.1.15 - Control of the cell cycle using cyclins

D2.1.16 - Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle

D2.1.17 - Differences between tumours in rates of cell division and growth and capacity for metastasis 

B2.3.1 - Production of unspecialized cells following fertilization 

B2.3.2 - Properties of stem cells

B2.3.3 - Location and function of stem cell niches in adults

B2.3.4 - Totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells

B2.3.5 - Cell size as an aspect of specialization

B2.3.6 - Surface area-to-volume ratios and cell size

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B2.3.7 - Adaptations to increase surface area-to-volume ratios

B2.3.8 - Adaptations of type I and type II pneumocytes in alveoli

B2.3.9 - Adaptations of cardiac muscle cells & striated muscle 

B2.3.10 - Totipotent, pluripotent & multipotent stem cells

B2.3.11 - Adaptations of sperm and egg cells

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D2.2.1 -Effects of gene expression on the phenotype

D2.2.2 - Regulation of transcription by proteins that bind to DNA

D2.2.3 - Regulation of translation

D2.2.4 - Epigenesis

D2.2.5 - Genome, transcriptome and proteome of individual cells

D2.2.6 - Methylation of the promoter and histones in nucleosomes: epigenetic tags

D2.2.7 - Epigenetic inheritance through heritable changes to gene expression

D2.2.8 - Examples of environmental effects on gene expression in cells and organisms

D2.2.9 - Consequences of removal of most but not all epigenetic tags from the ovum and sperm

D2.2.10 - Monozygotic twin studies

D2.2.11 - External factors impacting the pattern of gene expression